The active retinoid ingredient, hydroxypinacolone retinoate (HPR), is a derivative of retinoic acid in the retinoid family. Unlike the typical conversion process from retinol to retinal to retinoic acid, HPR can directly bind to retinoic acid chemically. When used at high concentrations, it can be less irritating than retinal while providing better collagen production results, sometimes even comparable to tretinoin.
With consistent use, it can gradually improve skin brightness, even out skin tone, refine texture and pores, strengthen the overall skin, and slightly reduce sebum production, especially on the nose. I've been using it for over a year.
While HPR is considered less irritating among retinoids, individual responses can vary. In the beginning, I used it every other day, but experienced redness, peeling, stinging, and breakouts.
The oil-based formula is not very absorbent. Applying it right before bedtime is the most comfortable. If it takes more than 3 months to finish, I mix it into my body lotion and apply it to my body as well.
